Cofactors:
All enzymes are proteins. But sometimes, for a protein to function it
requires the assistance of another molecule or ion, a cofactor. Cofactors are normally thought of as metal
ions, but when this cofactor is a small organic molecule it is named a coenzyme. The magnesium ion is required for the body to
use glucose-phosphate compounds.
Coenzymes are also called vitamins.
Further yet, some coenzymes themselves must by accompanied by another
organic molecule to function properly.
If an enzyme requires a cofactor the protein is named apoenzyme until
the cofactor has been added.
VITAMIN
|
FUNCTION
|
DEFICIENCY
SYMPTOM
|
Ascorbic Acid (C)
|
Hydroxylases
|
Scurvy -
connective tissue
|
Thiamine (B1)
|
reductases
|
Beriberi-fatigue
|
Riboflavin
(B2)
|
reductases
(Flavine)
|
Skin disease
|
Pyridoxine
(B6)
|
Aminotransferases
|
Anemia
|
Niacin
|
reductases
(NAD)
|
Pellagra
-skin and nerve
|
Folic Acid
(M)
|
Methyltransferases
|
Anemia
|
Vitamin B12
|
Isomerase
|
Anemia
|
Pantothenic
Acid
|
Acyltransferase
(CoA)
|
Weight Loss
|
Biotin (H)
|
Carboxylases
|
Dermatitis
|
Vitamin A
|
Vision and
Cell Differentiation
|
Night
Blindness
|
Vitamin D
|
Calcium
Metabolism
|
Rickets -
bone problems
|
Vitamin E
|
Antioxidant
|
Fragile cell
membranes
|
Vitamin K
|
Blood
Clotting
|
Delayed blood
clotting
|
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